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1PowerPoint®PresentationbyJimFoley©2013WorthPublishersTheBiologyofMind2Module5:ToolsofDiscoveryandOlderBrainStructures3LookingDeepintotheBrainWhatWe’llSee:Howwelearnaboutthebrain:ScansandmoreTheprimitive,life-sustaining,innerpartsofthebrain:Thebrainstemandlimbicsystem4TheBrainWhatwe’lldiscuss:howwelearnaboutthebrainthelife-sustaininginnerpartsofthebrain:thebrainstemandlimbicsystemtheouter,wrinkled“bark”:thecortexleft,right,andsplitbrainsQuestionsaboutpartsofthebrain:Doyouthinkthatthebrainisthesumofitsparts,oristhebrainactuallyaboutthewaytheyareconnected?Whatdoyouthinkmighthappenifaparticularareaofthebrainwasstimulated?Whatdoyouthinkmighthappenifaparticularareaofthebrainwasdamagedornotworkingwell?Isitpossibleto‘understand’thebrain?“Ifthehumanbrainweresosimplethatwecouldunderstandit,wewouldbesosimplethatwecouldn’t.”–EmersonM.Pugh…butwecantry.5InvestigatingtheBrainandMind:Howdidwemovebeyondphrenology?Howdidwegetinsidetheskullandunderthe“bumps”?byfindingwhathappenswhenpartofthebrainisdamagedorotherwiseunabletoworkproperlybylookingatthestructureandactivityofthebrain:CAT,MRI,fMRI,andPETscansStrategiesforfindingoutwhatisdifferentaboutthemindwhenpartofthebrainisn’tworkingnormally:casestudiesofaccidents(e.g.PhineasGage)casestudiesofsplit-brainpatients(corpuscallosumcuttostopseizures)lesioningbrainpartsinanimalstofindoutwhathappenschemicallynumbing,magneticallydeactivating,orelectricallystimulatingpartsofthebrain6StudyingcasesofbraindamageWhenastrokeorinjurydamagespartofthebrain,wehaveachancetoseetheimpactonthemind.77Intentionalbraindamage:performedonanimalshasyieldedsomeinsights,especiallyaboutlesscomplexbrainstructuresnolongernecessary,aswenowcanchemicallyormagneticallydeactivatebrainareastogetsimilarinformationLesions(surgicaldestructionofbraintissue)8Split-BrainPatients“Split”=surgeryinwhichtheconnectionbetweenthebrainhemispheresiscutinordertoendseverefull-brainseizuresStudyofsplit-brainpatientshasyieldedinsightsdiscussedattheendofthechapter9WecanstimulatepartsofthebraintoseewhathappensPartsofthebrain,andevenneurons,canbestimulatedelectrically,chemically,ormagnetically.Thiscanresultinbehaviorssuchasgiggling,headturning,orsimulatedvividrecall.Researcherscanseewhichneuronsorneuralnetworksfireinconjunctionwithcertainmentalexperiences,andevenspecificconcepts.10MonitoringactivityinthebrainToolstoreadelectrical,metabolic,andmagneticactivityinthebrain:EEG:electroencephalogramMRI:magneticresonanceimagingfMRI:functionalMRIPET:positronemissiontomography1111AnEEG(electroencephalogram)isarecordingoftheelectricalwavessweepingacrossthebrain’ssurface.AnEEGisusefulinstudyingseizuresandsleep.EEG:electroencephalogram12ThePETscanallowsustoseewhatpartofthebrainisactivebytracingwherearadioactiveformofglucosegoeswhilethebrainperformsagiventask.PET:positronemissiontomography1313MRI(magneticresonanceimaging)makesimagesfromsignalsproducedbybraintissueaftermagnetsalignthespinofatoms.Thearrowsbelowshowventricularenlargementinaschizophrenicpatient(right).MRI:magneticresonanceimagingFunctionalMRIrevealsbrainactivityandfunctionratherthanstructures.FunctionalMRIcomparessuccessiveMRIimagestakenasplitsecondapart,andshowschangesinthelevelofoxygeninbloodflowinthebrain.fMRI:functionalMRI14Areasofthebrainandtheirfunctions
PowerPoint®PresentationbyJimFoley©2013WorthPublishersTheBiologyofMind
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